[
 {
  "id": "AFR-P-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS) and South Africa's place in it",
  "short": "PAPSS and South Africa",
  "scope": "continental",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "afcfta; payments",
  "stakeholders": "afreximbank",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-06",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-p-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-P-0001: \"PAPSS and South Africa\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-p-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "AFR-P-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "Regional Liquidity Support Facility (cover for independent power producers when utilities pay late)",
  "short": "Cover for late utility payments (ATI)",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "BEN; BDI; CIV; MDG; MWI; UGA; ZMB",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "ati; kfw; norad",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating",
  "delivery_status_date": "2022-03-29",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-p-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-P-0002: \"Cover for late utility payments (ATI)\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-p-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "AFR-T-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "The AfCFTA Agreement in force, and who has ratified it",
  "short": "The Agreement and its ratifications",
  "scope": "continental",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "afcfta",
  "stakeholders": "au-commission",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2019-05-30",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-T-0001: \"The Agreement and its ratifications\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "AFR-T-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Tariff schedules that let a country trade under the AfCFTA, from adoption to gazetting",
  "short": "Tariff schedules",
  "scope": "continental",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "afcfta",
  "stakeholders": "afcfta-com; afcfta-secretariat; au-assembly",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "approved",
  "rules_status_date": "2022-02",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-07",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-T-0002: \"Tariff schedules\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "AFR-T-0003",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Rules of origin, the last of them adopted in February 2026",
  "short": "Rules of origin",
  "scope": "continental",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "afcfta",
  "stakeholders": "afcfta-com; au-assembly",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "approved",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-02-15",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-T-0003: \"Rules of origin\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "AFR-T-0004",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "A continental transit guarantee scheme for goods crossing several borders",
  "short": "Continental transit guarantee",
  "scope": "continental",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "afcfta",
  "stakeholders": "afcfta-com; afcfta-secretariat; afreximbank",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "approved",
  "rules_status_date": "2025",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0004/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-T-0004: \"Continental transit guarantee\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0004/"
 },
 {
  "id": "AFR-T-0005",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "The AfCFTA Protocol on Investment, adopted but not shown in force",
  "short": "Protocol on Investment",
  "scope": "continental",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "afcfta",
  "stakeholders": "afcfta-secretariat; au-assembly; za-dtic",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "approved",
  "legal_status_date": "2023-02-19",
  "rules_status": "drafted",
  "rules_status_date": "2025",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0005/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record AFR-T-0005: \"Protocol on Investment\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/afr-t-0005/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-K-0001",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_observation",
  "title": "Cahora Bassa's sales by customer, 2023 and 2024",
  "short": "Cahora Bassa's sales by customer",
  "scope": "cross_border",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ; ZAF; ZWE",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "edm; eskom; hcb; zesa",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-k-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-K-0001: \"Cahora Bassa's sales by customer\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-k-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-K-0002",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_event",
  "title": "Mozal aluminium smelter placed on care and maintenance for want of power, March 2026",
  "short": "Mozal smelter shut for want of power",
  "scope": "cross_border",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ; ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "eskom; south32",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-k-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-K-0002: \"Mozal smelter shut for want of power\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-k-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-P-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project",
  "title": "Modernisation of the Ressano Garcia border post (opposite Lebombo)",
  "short": "Ressano Garcia border post rebuilt",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-p-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-P-0001: \"Ressano Garcia border post rebuilt\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-p-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-P-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project",
  "title": "Modernisation and capacity increase of the Maputo to Ressano Garcia railway",
  "short": "Maputo–Ressano Garcia railway",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "afd; cfm; eu",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "targeted",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-p-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-P-0002: \"Maputo–Ressano Garcia railway\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-p-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-P-0003",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project",
  "title": "Mozambique-Malawi interconnector (Matambo-Phombeya, 400 kV)",
  "short": "Mozambique–Malawi interconnector",
  "scope": "cross_border",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ; MWI",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "edm; mw-energy",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-p-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-P-0003: \"Mozambique–Malawi interconnector\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-p-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-R-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Third-party access to Mozambique's transmission network",
  "short": "Network access in Mozambique",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "arene; edm",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2022-10-09",
  "rules_status": "in_force",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-07-07",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-r-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-R-0001: \"Network access in Mozambique\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-r-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-R-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "An independent operator of Mozambique's power system and market",
  "short": "Mozambique's independent system operator",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "edm; mz-council-of-ministers",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2022-10-09",
  "rules_status": "unknown",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "not_started",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-07-07",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-r-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-R-0002: \"Mozambique's independent system operator\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-r-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "MOZ-R-0003",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Concessions to export and import electricity",
  "short": "Mozambique's export and import concessions",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "MOZ",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "arene; edm; mz-mireme",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2022-10-09",
  "rules_status": "in_force",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-07-07",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-r-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record MOZ-R-0003: \"Mozambique's export and import concessions\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/moz-r-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "NAM-K-0001",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_observation",
  "title": "Namibia's reliance on imported electricity, selected periods 2023-26",
  "short": "Namibia's import reliance",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "nampower; nsa",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-k-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record NAM-K-0001: \"Namibia's import reliance\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-k-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "NAM-K-0002",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_event",
  "title": "Kokerboom substation fault and Aries-Kokerboom maintenance, October 2026",
  "short": "Kokerboom fault and maintenance",
  "scope": "cross_border",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM; ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "nampower; ntcsa",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-k-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record NAM-K-0002: \"Kokerboom fault and maintenance\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-k-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "NAM-P-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project",
  "title": "Obib-Oranjemund 400 kV line, Namibia's second interconnector to South Africa",
  "short": "Obib–Oranjemund line",
  "scope": "cross_border",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM; ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "eskom; nampower; ntcsa",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-p-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record NAM-P-0001: \"Obib–Oranjemund line\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-p-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "NAM-R-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Modified Single Buyer (MSB) market under the Electricity Act 2007",
  "short": "Modified Single Buyer market",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "ecb; na-mime; nampower",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2007-11-15",
  "rules_status": "approved",
  "rules_status_date": "2025-03-27",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2019-09",
  "funding_status": "not_applicable",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-r-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record NAM-R-0001: \"Modified Single Buyer market\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-r-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "NAM-R-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "regulatory_measure",
  "title": "Moratorium on new generation licences for export",
  "short": "Freeze on new export generation licences",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "ecb; na-mime",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "in_force",
  "rules_status_date": "2025-09-05",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-r-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record NAM-R-0002: \"Freeze on new export generation licences\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/nam-r-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SADC-P-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "SADC real-time gross settlement system (SADC-RTGS)",
  "short": "SADC-RTGS settlement system",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "sadc",
  "areas": "payments",
  "stakeholders": "bna; sarb",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-09",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sadc-p-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SADC-P-0001: \"SADC-RTGS settlement system\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sadc-p-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SADC-P-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "TCIB (Transactions Cleared on an Immediate Basis), SADC's scheme for low-value instant payments",
  "short": "TCIB low-value scheme",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "sadc",
  "areas": "payments",
  "stakeholders": "bankservafrica",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-09",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sadc-p-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SADC-P-0002: \"TCIB low-value scheme\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sadc-p-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SADC-P-0003",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "SADC Project Preparation and Development Facility (grants to prepare cross-border projects)",
  "short": "SADC project preparation facility",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "sadc",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "dbsa; eu; kfw; sadc-secretariat",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating",
  "delivery_status_date": "2022-03",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sadc-p-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SADC-P-0003: \"SADC project preparation facility\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sadc-p-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SAPP-K-0001",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_observation",
  "title": "Matched energy not traded because of central-corridor transmission constraints, selected months 2025-26",
  "short": "Untraded matched energy",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "sapp",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-k-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SAPP-K-0001: \"Untraded matched energy\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-k-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SAPP-K-0002",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_event",
  "title": "NamPower network outages, 11 and 13 November 2025",
  "short": "NamPower outages",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM; ZAF; ZMB; ZWE",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "nampower; ntcsa; zesco; zpc",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-k-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SAPP-K-0002: \"NamPower outages\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-k-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SAPP-K-0003",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_event",
  "title": "Planned outages on the Caprivi Link (Gerus-Zambezi HVDC), November 2025 to July 2026",
  "short": "Caprivi Link outages",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "NAM; ZMB; ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "nampower; sapp",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-k-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SAPP-K-0003: \"Caprivi Link outages\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-k-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "SAPP-P-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project",
  "title": "ZiZaBoNa interconnector (Zimbabwe-Zambia component first)",
  "short": "ZiZaBoNa interconnector",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "ZWE; ZMB; BWA; NAM",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "sapp; zesa; zesco",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-p-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record SAPP-P-0001: \"ZiZaBoNa interconnector\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/sapp-p-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "WAPP-R-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Regional transmission pricing: compensation between grid operators, not a cross-border tariff",
  "short": "West Africa's transmission pricing",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "ecowas",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "erera; wapp",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "in_force",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-03-19",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record WAPP-R-0001: \"West Africa's transmission pricing\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "WAPP-R-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "A regional system and market operator for West Africa",
  "short": "West Africa's system and market operator",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "ecowas",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "erera; wapp",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "approved",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-03-19",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record WAPP-R-0002: \"West Africa's system and market operator\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "WAPP-R-0003",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Securing payment for cross-border power trade in West Africa",
  "short": "Payment security for West African trade",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "ecowas",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "ecowas-com; erera; wapp",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2018-12",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record WAPP-R-0003: \"Payment security for West African trade\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "WAPP-R-0004",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "West Africa's regional electricity market, launched in phases",
  "short": "West Africa's phased regional market",
  "scope": "regional",
  "jurisdictions": "ecowas",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "erera; wapp",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "approved",
  "rules_status_date": "2025-09-13",
  "delivery_status": "unknown",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0004/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record WAPP-R-0004: \"West Africa's phased regional market\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/wapp-r-0004/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-K-0001",
  "kind": "constraint",
  "type": "constraint_observation",
  "title": "Freight clearance and crossing times at Beitbridge, two observations 2025-26",
  "short": "Beitbridge crossing times",
  "scope": "cross_border",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF; ZWE",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "bma; sadc-secretariat; zimra",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-k-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-K-0001: \"Beitbridge crossing times\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-k-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-P-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project",
  "title": "Redevelopment of six land ports of entry (public-private partnership)",
  "short": "Six land ports of entry rebuilt",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "bma; za-presidency; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "targeted",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-p-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-P-0001: \"Six land ports of entry rebuilt\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-p-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Competitive wholesale electricity market (SAWEM) under the Electricity Regulation Amendment Act",
  "short": "New wholesale market (SAWEM)",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "nersa; ntcsa; za-dee; za-presidency; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2025-01-01",
  "rules_status": "consulting",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-08-26",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-04",
  "funding_status": "not_applicable",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0001: \"New wholesale market (SAWEM)\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0002",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "Independent Transmission Projects programme, phase I",
  "short": "Independent Transmission Projects",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "dbsa; ntcsa; za-dee; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "unknown",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "targeted",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "targeted",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0002/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0002: \"Independent Transmission Projects\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0002/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0003",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "operating_arrangement",
  "title": "Wheeling on Eskom's network under existing arrangements (outside SAWEM)",
  "short": "Wheeling under existing arrangements",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "eskom; nersa; za-municipalities",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "unknown",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-08-31",
  "funding_status": "not_applicable",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0003/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0003: \"Wheeling under existing arrangements\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0003/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0004",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Open access to the freight rail network for private train operators",
  "short": "Open access to freight rail",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "trim; za-dot; za-presidency; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "in_force",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-07-03",
  "delivery_status": "targeted",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "not_applicable",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0004/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0004: \"Open access to freight rail\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0004/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0005",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Transport Economic Regulator under the Economic Regulation of Transport Act (the Regulator's chapter in force; the rail access chapter listed as not yet commenced in the version read)",
  "short": "Transport Economic Regulator",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "ter; za-dot; za-presidency; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2026-04-01",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "targeted",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0005/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0005: \"Transport Economic Regulator\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0005/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0006",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "project_programme",
  "title": "Private participation in ports and rail (terminal concessions and corridor projects)",
  "short": "Private participation in ports and rail",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "corridors",
  "stakeholders": "dbsa; transnet; za-presidency; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2026-01-01",
  "funding_status": "unknown",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0006/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0006: \"Private participation in ports and rail\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0006/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-R-0007",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Capital Flow Management Regulations to replace the 1961 exchange-control regulations",
  "short": "Capital Flow Management Regulations",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "payments",
  "stakeholders": "sarb; za-treasury",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "",
  "legal_status_date": "",
  "rules_status": "consulting",
  "rules_status_date": "2026-05-15",
  "delivery_status": "",
  "delivery_status_date": "",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0007/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-R-0007: \"Capital Flow Management Regulations\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-r-0007/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZAF-T-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "South Africa trading under the AfCFTA through the SACU tariff offer",
  "short": "South Africa trading under the AfCFTA",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZAF",
  "areas": "afcfta",
  "stakeholders": "afcfta-com; sars; za-dtic",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2024-01-31",
  "rules_status": "targeted",
  "rules_status_date": "",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2025-05",
  "funding_status": "",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-t-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZAF-T-0001: \"South Africa trading under the AfCFTA\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zaf-t-0001/"
 },
 {
  "id": "ZMB-R-0001",
  "kind": "idea",
  "type": "reform",
  "title": "Electricity open access to transmission and distribution networks",
  "short": "Open access to the networks",
  "scope": "national",
  "jurisdictions": "ZMB",
  "areas": "power-trade",
  "stakeholders": "erb; zesco; zm-moe",
  "review_status": "draft",
  "legal_status": "in_force",
  "legal_status_date": "2024",
  "rules_status": "consulting",
  "rules_status_date": "2025-08",
  "delivery_status": "operating_partial",
  "delivery_status_date": "2025",
  "funding_status": "not_applicable",
  "funding_status_date": "",
  "url": "https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zmb-r-0001/",
  "cite_as": "Laurence Wilse-Samson, Bridging African Borders, record ZMB-R-0001: \"Open access to the networks\" (public draft, built 2026-10-28). https://borders.lwilsesamson.com/ideas/zmb-r-0001/"
 }
]